Structure of the atmospheric boundary layer. Measuring surface layer parameters. Examples. Turbulent processes. Reynolds' stresses. Eddy viscosity. The surface layer, Ekman layer. Surface transfer processes. Atmospheric stability effects. The Monin-Obukhov length, bulk and flux Richardson numbers. Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. Surface layer and Ekman layer profiles. Effects of time variation of stability. Statistics of turbulence. Turbulence modelling. Atmospheric dispersion models. |