Radiology of the spine. Degenerative conditions of the vertebral column with particular reference to the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs. Intervertebral disc injury and repair. Degenerative and isthmic spondylolisthesis with particular reference to lumbar spine instability. Rheumatology of the spine including medical and surgical interventions. Classification and diagnostic features of headache. Pathophysiology and pathomechanics of spinal osteoporosis.